Maya Angelou - 1001 Words

Maya Angelou You may shoot me with your words, you may cut me with your eyes, you may kill me with your hatefulness. But still, like air, Ill rise. Have you ever been so influenced by such a small amount of powerful words? This brilliant quote extracted from Maya Angelous own poem, Still I Rise, basically brings out the spirit and nature of each of her publications. Maya Angelous works of poetry are seen as inspiration for those who have been discriminated for their public appearances. As a victim of personal rejection and institutional racism, Maya writes in an assertive, confident tone with a repetitive style on behalf of African-American discrimination as seen through her poems I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Phenomenal†¦show more content†¦The poem speaks out to women as far as of where they are in society. The poem reminds women that they are filled with beauty and strength and they should love themselves for who they are. Im not cute or built to suit a fashion models size, says An gelou. In this poem, she doesnt spare the painful details of blacks. Instead, she gives them hope (Cookson). Every woman should be filled with joy, confidence, and wisdom in her as well to challenge the stereotypes of what makes a phenomenal woman. Just like I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya again not only writes about the discrimination of blacks, but about all women. When we hear this poem, we listen to ourselves (Sylvester). Surrounded by music her whole life, like a blues singer, Angelou sings the suffering of black women and their indomitable spirit (Explanation of†¦Angelou). She writes, When you see me passing it ought to make you proud. A great influence on her charisma in this poem is her occupation as a performer. Working as an exotic dancer and showing off her body all the time, Maya accepted who she was (Explanation of†¦Angelou). The theme of this poem is self-confidence, and how Angelou has hope in each and every insecure woman out there. She uses a sassy, assertive tone in this poem also. For example, she says Im a woman./ Phenomenally This sense of anger is seen in the previous poem, too. In addition, she uses a strong, straightforward rhyme in her poetry (Cookson).Show MoreRelatedMaya Angelou655 Words   |  3 PagesMa 2(1565443) Maya Angelou is known as the â€Å"most visible black female autobiographer/poet.† She was born, Marguerite Ann Johnson, on April fourth, 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri. Her parents divorced when she was three, and she and her brother were sent to live with their grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. Seeing all the racial discrimination in the American south strengthened her passion for poetry, music, dance and performance. Maya writes about the struggles people face, racism and freedom. At ageRead More`` Speak, By The Maya Angelou1137 Words   |  5 Pageswriter, the late Maya Angelou. This statement also aligns to a 1999 contemporary classic novel, Speak, where a young freshman, Melinda Sordino, faces isolation and depression to an event that occurred over the summer, one that only she knows about. In the novel, Melinda hangs up a poster of Maya Angelou in her make-shift janitor’s closet hangout. Laurie Halse Anderson uses Maya Angelou as a figure for Melinda to learn and ch ange by in the novel Speak. Melinda could learn from Angelou that she can standRead More Maya Angelou Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pages Maya Angelou is a phenomenal woman. She was born into a devastating decade, that suffered numerous tragedies. Not only had society shaped her as a woman, she has also shaped our society and influenced many lives. She is still living today, yet I believe her legend will never die. Furthermore I will share with you what motivated her and some of her gratifying experiences. How she was effected by society, and what she did about it. Also how the time period she was born into made her the extraordinaryRead More Maya Angelou Essay1926 Words   |  8 Pagesthe time she was born, Maya Angelou was subjected to racism, rape, grief and dehumanization. She beared enough emotional stress in a time frame that most people dont experience in a lifetime. Yet she prevailed. She forced herself to become stronger. And in doing so, she produced writings, which in turn, helped others to become strong. Her experiences and the lessons learned gave her confidence to be a teacher, a preacher, and an inspiration to millions. Maya Angelou was courageous. BasedRead MoreEssay on Maya Angelou612 Words   |  3 Pages Maya Angelou was born April 4, 1928. Her real name is Marguerite Johnson, but she later changed it to Maya. She was born in St. Louis, shortly after her birth her family up and move to Arkansaw. Maya grew up there in the rural parts of Arkansaw, and later married to a South African Freedom Fighter. She lived in Cairo with him, there she began her career as editor of the Arab Observer. At the request of Dr. Martin Lutheran King Jr., she became the northern coordinator for the Southern Christian LeadershipRead MoreEssay on Maya Angelou1185 Words   |  5 PagesDistress in Maya Angelous Life Marguerite Ann Johnson, commonly known as Maya Angelou, was born on April 4, 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri. She is a famous African-American poet, novelist, and playwright and also worked during the civil rights: Angelou is a very remarkable Renaissance woman who hailed as one of the great voices of contemporary literature (www.mayaangelou.com). She is also an activist in civil-rights. Angelou went through many controversies during her childhood and adulthood; herRead MoreAnalysis Of Maya Angelou s Angelou 2396 Words   |  10 Pagesparents had decided to put an end to their calamitous marriage and Father shipped us home to mother† (Angelou 7). 1. This excerpt comes from the beginning of chapter one. The narrator, who is also the main character Maya Angelou, informs her reader of her family status. 2. The author informs us that she is currently living with her Father’s mother due to the separation of their parents. 3. Maya Angelou includes this passage to show that there is no perfect marriage and provide knowledge as to how hardRead More Maya Angelou Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesMaya Angelou      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By consistently weaving the theme of motherhood into her literature, Maya Angelou creates both personal narratives and poems that the reader can relate to. Her exploration of this universal theme lends itself to a very large and diverse audience.   Throughout Angelous works, she allows her followers to witness her metamorphosis through different aspects of motherhood.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Well-worked themes are always present in Angelous works-   self-Read MoreMaya Angelou Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesMaya Angelou was an inspiring activist, poet, and woman. Angelou was born in St. Louis, Missouri on April 4, 1928. Throughout her lifetime she explored her career options as an actress, dancer, singer, writer, and editor among many other careers. Angelou had a tough childhood. Her parents divorced when she was very young and she was sent to live with her grandmother in Arkansas along with her brother Bailey. As an African American, Angelou experienced discrimination and racial prejudices. AngelouRead MoreEssay On Maya Angelou1879 Words   |  8 PagesMaya Angelou is one of the most important American Authors who ever lived. She was an African-American woman who spoke her mind and when someone told her she couldn’t do something, it made her want to do it even more so that she could prove them wrong (Shapiro). Her life was incredi bly difficult, but it made her who she was and influenced her writing and poetry immensely. As Gary Younge once said, â€Å"To know her life story is to simultaneously wonder what on earth you have been doing with your

The Development Of A Successful Business Venture...

Abstract: What is an entrepreneur? Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur, which is a French word meaning one who undertakes an endeavor. Entrepreneurs assemble resources including innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods. This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response to a perceived opportunity or necessity. The most obvious form of entrepreneurship is that of starting new businesses; however, in recent years, the term has been extended to include social and political forms of entrepreneurial activity. The purpose of this paper is to find out to what personal values determine the development of a successful†¦show more content†¦It involves hard work and most are generally workaholics. Entrepreneurs have a nurturing quality and are willing to take charge of, and watch over a venture until it can stand alone. They have an acceptance of responsibility. They are morally, legally, and mentally accountable for their ventures. Some entrepreneurs may be driven more by altruism than by self-interest. They reward orientation and have a desire to achieve, work hard and take responsibility, but also want to be rewarded for their efforts; rewards can be in forms other than money, such as recognition and respect. They are optimistic and live by the philosophy that this is the best of times, and that anything is possible. They have an orientation to excellence and often desire to achieve something outstanding that they can be proud of. They have strong organization and are good at bringing together the components of a venture. They want to make a profit; but the profit serves primarily as a meter to gauge their success and achievement. The demand theory holds that entrepreneurs emerge out of the combination of entrepreneurial opportunities and people who are well-positioned to take advantage of them. Anyone who encounters the right conditions might become an entrepreneur, if they find themselves in a position where they find a valuable problem that they alone can solve. An entrepreneur is a person who

Empathy Answer Free Essays

Answer and discuss briefly the following questions: 1 . The Filipino people are considered as one of the most hospitable citizens In the world- polite, friendly and honest character- but It’s mind boggling and Intriguing that whenever one is put into power (given high authority or position, for example in the government), that person becomes easily Influenced and corrupted by the system transforming such person Into a malevolent leader? Reflect on this thought, and explain briefly why this occurs. Sometimes It’s because of pride, compromise and organizational culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Empathy Answer or any similar topic only for you Order Now I asked my boss about this, fist he told me that It depends to the administrative where the person gets In. In local government some people who was given higher position act and decide to make something wicked because of the word â€Å"compromise and craving for power and more money’. I remember the day when the higher position (office head) on one office in LOGIC gets vacant: the head of the said administration automatically filled the sit. On the 4th day of his service, the whole office gets shocked and created a commotion because of the memorandum he released saying that effective on that day, all division head, unit heads and budget officers were terminated with the reason of they are no longer effective in their firm. (That office is not a permanent office or department; majority of the staff are contractual and can be terminated easily). After a week, the whole staff found out that the new head of the office gave some of the vacant position and salary of those he terminated to his supporters (also a staff of that office-they are area coordinators and a driver). They believed that he did it on purpose. Example: so the funds of that office can be easily manipulated. 2. Given the status quo of the Philippines politics and society, we observed through he news how our government is slowly deteriorating due to the corrupt officials that are now involved and even convicted In crimes, particularly the controversial â€Å"Pork Barrel Scam†. Based from the character of these Politicians/ Government officials In our country that we elect, what kind of leaders are they? Do they embody the â€Å"Ideal leader† that’s why we elect them? What can you say about the â€Å"Intellectual Judging capacity† of the Filipinos on why we have elected these government leaders In the first place? At first, the time politicians’ campaign during election period, the people TLD know If they are telling the truth. Some were true to themselves and willing to serve and give his/her best effort and knowledge for the benefit of his/her countrymen (those behind even though they are known as a good politicians. The common alibi for someone who was not able to fulfill his or her promise is that â€Å"promises are made to be broken†. Or, is this the favorite responses of politicians who make a lot of promises even do they know too well that they will not be able to fulfill such promises just to win. Election fever is now in the air in the Philippines. The people will be selecting a new president, vice president, senators, and all provincial and local officials. For local officials who will be elected, they will be serving for a term of three (3) years. There’s a saying that â€Å"The moment this child encounters these other beings, the influences upon the individual begins†. Even if they are not a good leader because of their weaknesses, I could say that they also have capacity to ran and implement the peace and order in the country. The eyes, ears, feelings of other politicians are always open to defend people from their evil doings. But, the process gets slow because the root of all evil things is in a greater higher position and trying to manipulate the situations. How to cite Empathy Answer, Papers

Culture - Customisation and Innovation

Question: Discuss about the Culture, Customisation and Innovation. Answer: Introduction: Centre Parcs is the famous village that operates hotel and leisure sector by providing them with full equipped accommodation in various locations of the forest. The resort in village style provides a huge range of activities that includes both indoor and outdoor; sports and leisure facilities, which offers various types of entertainment. Retails outlets, pools as well as restaurants are some basic amenities that are provided by Centre Parcs. It also incurs high operational cost on the company like training, wage bill, which is a too precious resource for the enterprise. Moreover, this can be considered as a reason that Centre Parcs is quite satisfied, and even holds high staff proportion. In this company customer service had provided to be easily implemented, and therefore, it offers high-quality service (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). It can also be considered as the Centre Parcs strong reputation and brand awareness. History/Establishment The concept of this village was introduced around 30 years back in Holland, and since that time the design is recreated in various locations of Europe, which includes around four places of UK, such as Elveden Forest, Sherwood Forest, Oasis Whinfell Forest and Longleat Forests. Centre Parcs operates hotel and leisure sector by providing them with full equipped accommodation in various locations of the forest. SWOT analysis Strength- Centre Parcs holds strength as it offers monetary assistance and hold experience of business units. Weakness- it has only small business unit Opportunities- Centre Parcs hold opportunities as growth rate and profitability will be high; new acquisitions will be made; economy is growing, and there is constant increase in income level. Threats- Centre Parcs face threat from financial capacity, issues in technology, increasing prices of raw materials, rise in interest rate, rise in labour cost, and risk in external business. Understanding about growth strategies / Ansoff Matrix There is no other company in the UK like the Centre Parcs, which is environmentally clean and offers the high service quality. Consequently, there is no requirement for low cost for the purpose of enhancing the sales as the real substitutes. Market research usually relates to the new markets. Through Ansoff matrix is quite better in the case of Centre Parcs for selling out the new services in the previous markets of product development for the purpose of boosting the market share of the company. Various growth strategies Ansoff Matrix Market penetration The most successful investment for the Centre Parcs growth strategy is the organic growth. It occurs when the firm tries to expand through private ways. In this case, the company is seeking to grow through selling out the items through enhancing the customer base (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Simultaneously through the help of advertising, investing in the villages and offering more and more leisure activities for the purpose of fitting with customers, instead of making use of services. The reason behind is that Centre Parcs, need to make use of organic growth as its sound bias in the case of development and offered money is secured as well as well managed (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Therefore, its quite less risky as the business is under the complete control of all components related to growth strategy and there exist no negative influence from mergers like bad customer service at the time of leisure activities (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009).However, through organic growth, that is long pro cess needs consistent investment for a longer duration; hence Centre Parcs might face the issue in exploring finance for their investment. Product development It includes exploring the new area that relates to new markets having less competition, high cost as well a moderate price for customer service and production, as it results in high profits and competitive benefits due to the product expansion. In the case of project managing, the phase of development in new villages as well as leisure activities relates to it. In the event of recruitment and training, the location is related to high unemployment (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Its always better to make use of on-the-job training so that employees can get the better education while working (Campbell-Smith, 1986). Through market campaigning, the companies advertise through television and families mainly watch, and its noted that Centre Parcs visit is mostly made by families (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Through developing the line of new products like the mountain Parcs and seaside Parcs. It also provides the new experiences or either activity like hot air ballooning as well as bungee jumping. Centre Parcs can attain the license for these activities (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). They will also require trained employees and required health and safety completion of work. Seaside Parcs often try to help the objective of corporate growth. It also provides customer loyalty, and in this case, people often visit the seaside locations as compared to competitors (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). However, its noted that the seaside relies on the seasonal sales, and they might struggle in maintaining the sales. It also builds the Centre Parcs strength of around 200 previously lying activities (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Market development Centre Parcs is specialized over particular target group like families and they are not interested in damaging the reputation through entering and penetration of new markets. For the purpose of attaining the product development, Centre Parcs requires investing in innovation as well as research and development (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). For instance, aquarium, new swimming pools along with various other new innovative items. Furthermore, it is noted that Centre Parcs might create the venture with different other companies that might enhance the product development for the purpose of decreasing the expenditure over innovation and research and development (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Through establishing the new products, Centre Parcs might try to target the new customers like teenagers, instead of families (Calantone Mazanec, 1991). However, its not a right idea that they should try to advertise as leisure for the families. Therefore, the image and reputation might seek to damage that leads to fewer sales and less market share (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Market research leads to more sale off similar items to the new customers. Through expanding the targeting territories like Luxembourg, Ireland, and Scandinavia. Centre Parcs might require to develop the agreements with local partners such as joint venture and even try to conduct the market research in new markets (Cadotte Turgeon, 1988). There are few expected gaps in the market (Ferrand McCarthy, 2009). Successful had proved in Netherlands, France, Germany as well as Belgium. The group had gained experience here, and they might try to build the joint venture as well as a local partnership with the help of pr evious contacts network (Mullin, Hardy Sutton, 2007). Diversification Strategy Growth can be attained through developing the new items in the new markets. For Centre Parcs, its not considered as the better idea for expanding into new markets, as its quite tough and risk and needs an enormous amount of expertise and investment (Mullin, Hardy Sutton, 2007). However, if the Centre Parcs needs to enter the new market, then, in that case, they have to make their development, because its the vast company, and they are ready for making massive investments. Market penetration can be easily used in the manner that quality is not reduced due to the less price along with reputation dont get damaged (Mullin, Hardy Sutton, 2007). Diversification implies selling out the new items like the strategy for enhancing the sales. It also targets the corporate customers with the activities of new team building, experiences of leadership development and conferencing (Bramham, Henry, Mamm Van der Pool, 1993). Centre Parcs would require undertaking the market research to determine whether the corporate customers will enhance the items (Mullin, Hardy Sutton, 2007). They would also require cost and package of the around for the corporate clients. Centre Parcs holds various facilities that could be made used for team building as well as leadership training. Many companies are exploring new ways for increasing the green credentials and trying to train the executives as well as their team, and in that less financial investment is needed (Mullin, Hardy Sutton, 2007). Discussion of growth strategies in the context of Centre Parcs It offers the strategy that provides the group along with competitive benefits (Bould, Breeze Teare, 1992). To follow the same, Centre Parcs might go more attractive as compared to competitors in the UK in the result of the active management of the environment, for the same they attain secure, sustainable reputation and recognition awards (Ashworth Voogd, 1990). In order to sum up the previous analysis of Centre Parcs growing strategies, it is recognized by consulting that the company is selecting to increase organically; therefore it offers the low-risk process of development and the same tries to maintain the viable future for long term in the company, only if the event happened as forecasted or planned (Ayton, 1994). Product development The most strong factor for Centre Parcs is the increasing the village organically and making use of product development started (Archdale, 1994). It is because Centre Parcs holds the tremendous loyalty towards the brand and its quite risky to lose the same through reducing the cost, for the purpose of reducing the prices and through moving towards new markets and then targeting the new customers. However, the same replies on the shareholder's expectations (Ashworth Goodall, 1990). For instance, shareholders might want to keep the profits high without investments and managers also try to expand the strategy of product development (Boyer Viallon, 1994). As Centre Parcs is the market leader, then in that manner they will stay, in the similar market for the purpose of not losing the share of the market, while entering into new markets. Product development still requires holding high investments. For instance, swimming pool, new Aqua Park, and Aquarium. Since the Centre Parcs is the mar ket leader, then its expected that they should have the high resources and thats the reason, there is no requirement for the growth of organic as its quite risky (Ashworth Goodall, 1990). Market development The website of Centre Parcs depicts their actual turnover, in comparison with the European competitors. Centre Parcs located in Europe holds the high capacity, but their turnover is around double of the UK Centre Parcs (Ashworth Voogd, 1990). It reveals that visitors were spending as well as occupancy is more in UK Centre Parcs as compared to Europe Centre Parcs. Ansoff matrix also shows that there are around three main strategies that can quickly overcome the forces that relate to the process of the response of Centre Parcs (Ashworth Voogd, 1990). It includes the competitive position of the reaction process. This process tries to place the Centre Parcs in the quite robust and different view within the market. Diversification The firm also set up the strengths and explored the weaknesses. It is also noted that the fifth site of the company is its operations. Therefore, there is a capacity to improve the targets like repeat booking and turnover. Through direct competitors as well as five sites offers the group with the entire segment of the market, which alters on strengthen the position of Centre Parcs along with benefitted share value (Ashworth Voogd, 1990). Conclusion Its noted from the paper that subcontracting strategic alliance might be referred to the Parcs development. The strategic partnership is the one, where more than the companies can easily share the resources as well as activities to initiate the strategy. In the case of Centre Parcs, the highest advertising, maintenance, promotion as well as increase in staff benefits can come at high risk for the company for the purpose of staying competitive within the market. Recommendations In the context of critical problems, sub contraction of alliances method could be referred as tackling the problem and contacting the expectations of shareholders. To keep the financial status healthy, certain operational functions could be subcontracted for reducing the cost of operations from the generated right prices. References Archdale, G. (1994). Destination Databases: Issues and Practices, in Seaton, A.V. et al. (eds) (1990). Tourism: The State of the Art. John Wiley Sons Ashworth, G.J. Goodall, B. (1990). Marketing Tourism Places. London: Routledge Ashworth, G.J. Voogd, H. (1990). Selling the City: Marketing Approaches in Public Sector Urban Planning. Belhaven. Ayton, P. (1994). Spending Time. Leisure Management. 2, 2426 Bould, A., Breeze, G. Teare, R. (1992) Culture, Customisation and Innovation: A Hilton International Service Brand for the Japanese Market, in Teare, R. and Olsen, M.D. (eds) International Hospitality Management. London: Pitman Publishing Boyer, M. Viallon, P. (1994). Communication Touristique. France: Presses Universitaires de France. Bramham, P., Henry, I., Mamm, H. Van der Pool, H. (eds). (1993). Leisure Policies in Europe. CAB International Cadotte, E.R. Turgeon, N. (1988). Key Factors in Guest Satisfaction. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 28(4), 4451. Calantone, R.J. Mazanec, J.A. (1991). Marketing Management and Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 18(1), 101199. Campbell-Smith, D. (1986). Struggle for Take-Off: The British Airways Story. Hodder Stoughton. Coronet Books, Sevenoaks. Ferrand, A. McCarthy, S. (2009). Marketing the Sports Organisation: building networks Kinetics. Champaign, IL. Mullin, B.J., Hardy, S. Sutton, W.A. (2007). Sport Marketing, 3rd edition, Human and relationships. London: Routledge.

Haagen Daz Case Study free essay sample

Consumers do not perceive ice cream has regular part of their diet; ice cream is bought as a treat, a â€Å"reward†, either to a child, the family or to oneself. Generally a consumer does not think before buying an ice cream, it is generally bought as an impulse buy. There is a great emotional involvement and a very small objective evaluation of the problem at hand. The consumer chooses to buy and them fell the product (in this case taste) and then evaluate his decision. This type of behavior involved in buying ice cream allows brands to exploit the emotional factor as a trigger of the purchase; Haagen Dazs is exclusive and sophisticated, Vianeta is posh, Calipo is fresh Super Maxy is cool, none of these are objective characteristics of the product, they are just emotions the brands chose to associate with their product, and these are the triggers that when consumers are in the right emotional set of mind will make them buy that ice cream over another. We will write a custom essay sample on Haagen Daz Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Evaluating the Haagen Dazs marketing plan. Does it look consistent? Haagen Dazs (HD) defines its own brand identity as â€Å"100% genuine, sensual, sophisticated adult treat†. Trough a very consistent marketing plant HD was able to convey this message the consumers, so that their image of HD is that of a high quality and expensive ice cream that is to be eaten and appreciated as a personal treat, an affordable luxury. HD was a large ice cream manufacturer from the USA that had started out in the 1960’s as a small business of a Polish immigrant, Reuben Mattus, that sold ice cream to stores on the Bronx. Mr.Mattus realized that at the time in order to be competitive in their pricing ice cream manufacturers where cutting down on the quality, so ice cream had became just cold and sweet. Realizing this he chose to position himself on the opposite side of the market, with a high quality expensive ice cream. From there HD sales progressed, so that in the early 1990’s it was the leading brand in the US premium ice cream market, and it was being sold in Canada and Japan. In 1988 HD was acquired, with the rest of the Pillsbury Co. , by the British enterprise Grand Met. Grand Met decided it turn HD in to a leading global ice cream brand, the objective was to reach world wide sales of $1 billion by 1995. When HD first tried to enter the European market, in the early 1990’s, the ice cream market was a stagnant market with a growth of approximately 1 to 1. 5% a year. It was dominated by large multinational conglomerates like Unilever, Mars and Nestle, that where trying to increase their market share by competing with prices, cutting down on quality. Ice cream at that time was perceived by the consumer as a treat for children. This panorama was not that different from that one that Mr. Mattus faced in 1960’s and dictated the birth of HD. At the time Grand Met decided to launch HD in Europe, it was already present in some luxury restaurants in Paris and on the Harrods of London. Being part of a great conglomerate, the easiest way to assure sales would be to market HD in the fast-food restaurant chains of Grand Met (Burger King, Godfathers Pizza and Bennigan’s), but this strategy would be inconsistent with the brand identity, placing on the same level fast food and HD ice cream. Following the other market competitors, by pursuing heavy advertising on television, would also send an inconsistent message because it would reach the wrong audience and weaken the â€Å"sophisticated product† status of the brand. So Grand Met devised a market strategy to convey the brands identity to the consumer, so that the consumer would be willing to pay a premium price for the premium product that is HD ice cream. The first step of this strategy was to increase the consumer’s awareness of the brand, giving them a place to sample the ice cream and create a word to mouth momentum. HD opened innumerous ice cream parlors in the main European cities in places that had a heavy affluence of customers, these where meant to be the shop window of the brand. These ice cream parlors where design like cafes, with ample space for seating and built with natural materials. This is exactly the opposite of the regular sterile looking ice cream parlor where after buying the consumer is as to go out to eat his ice cream. This was meant to convey an image of â€Å"quality† and the message that one should seat and take his time to enjoy HD ice cream. HD also penetrated in the food services sector, in quality hotels and restaurants. This was done always with a cobranding arrangement, i. e. HD would only sell its product to places that would present the HD brand on their menu. This had the objective of first of all of associating the image of HD quality with the image of quality of these places, second to increase the brand awareness of the exclusive clientele of these establishments. In the retail HD was present in super-markets, delicatessen shops, cinemas and convenience stores, in al these places HD ice cream was presented in a different HD owned small freezer, so to set HD aside from the other ice creams, conveying a message of exclusivity. Also HD pursued heavy in-store sampling, giving consumers a chance to sample HD, and thus generate more word to mouth HD ice cream was a completely different ice cream from most of the products present in the European market at the time. It was an American stile dairy ice cream with high dairy fat (18% opposed to the 10% of the regular brands) and a very low overrun (only 20% when the regular brands have 80-100%). Also HD doesn’t use any chemical additives. In order to stabilize its product HD uses egg yolk. These particular characteristics assure that HD ice cream has a distinct flavor and texture and allow the consumer to set it aside from the other ice creams, giving ground to support the idea of high quality of the brand. To reinforce its exclusivity image HD chose to market its product in a half a liter tub, instead of the regular liter tub used by the competition at the time. HD to maintain the consistency of the quality/exclusivity approach to the market, chose place its product in the upper end of the ice cream prices. An HD tub in the UK market cost about 30 to 40% more than its competitors, and in general it costs eight to nine times more than the cheapest ice cream on the market. This pricing strategy underlines the idea that HD is a different ice cream and therefore has a different price, and is clearly another brick on the exclusivity wall HD uses to shield it self from the competition. In order to escape this â€Å"ice cream for children† status quo, HD placed itself in the upper-end of the market, super-premium ice cream, targeting young couples with disposable income. To these HD ice cream is presented as an â€Å"affordable luxury† to consume on their own private time. HD chose to promote its ice cream only on the printed media, with a high-profile provocative campaign that had clear adult references. The advertisements where printed in regular weekend newspapers issues and on women’s magazines, all issues that would be read during periods of relaxation and leisure the same periods HD wants its consumers to eat its ice cream. HD clearly chooses a medium that their target customers pay more attention to and deliberately tries to associate it self with the relaxing period associating with reading these media. As one can see consistency is the main word in this market plan, every step taken is in the direction of reinforcing HD image of a high quality, sophisticated and exclusive adult treat. HD could very easily have taken the easy way in to the market, selling its product in the fast food chains of Grand Met and promoting it via heavy TV advertising. But this approach would be inconsistent with the brand identity, and would probably force HD to lower its price, and on the long run to lower its product quality. It was this very consistent and aggressive marketing strategy that allowed Grand Met to fulfill its objectives of turning HD in to a global leading ice cream brand. HD has chosen to exploit the consumer habit of buying ice cream on the impulse, as a response to some emotional stimulus, and has associated itself with the sense of exclusivity and sophistication, so that it would be a way to the target consumers, a demographic group more sensitive to these issues, of experiencing these feelings.

Non-related Family Members Suffering from Depression Essays

Non-related Family Members Suffering from Depression Essays Non-related Family Members Suffering from Depression Non-Related Family Members Suffering from Depression Some women who have never suffered any type of depression find that after they bear children they now suffer from mild to severe depression. Having children sets off a completely different set of emotions. Maybe you once had ample amounts of time to accomplish the tasks needed for everyday life and now you are thrown for a loop as life changed. Before or even during pregnancy women picture that what their life will be like after the child is born and I do not think it is what any woman expects. Each child is different and requires different needs, whether it is the woman?s first child or fifth child she is never prepared enough. Maybe you can relate yourself or someone you know to a childbearing woman who has suffered depression after giving birth. Peripartum Disorders can have especially severe long-term consequences, not only for the mother but also for the whole family and especially for the child. Recent research has shown how maternal stress, anxiety and depression can adversely influence a child?s early and later development (Riecher-Rossler and Steiner, 2005). Postpartum or Peripartum disorders affect so many women from severe case to mild cases, but it is over looked everyday. My family was hurt by postpartum depression when my aunt committed suicide after her fourth child. After she gave birth to each child she showed signs of depression and was being treated for it, but it was obviously not taken as serious as it should have been. After they found her diary and understood some of the things she was seeing and feeling. This was a deep dark depression so severe that she felt she was possessed by the devil. At the end she had shown signs of improvement and everyone had thought she had improved. Inconsistent and contradi ctory results are of course not only due to the described problems of definition and classification, but also to other methodological shortcomings of studies. (Riecher-Rossler and Steiner, 2005). I believe this case of illness to be a result of nature and not nurture because it is the affect after having children. Taking care of children is the hardest task given in life. You are responsible for another person or person?s life and you are the direct result of their upbringing. My sister in law also has suffered from depression after each of her two children. Her and I have discussed this quite a lot since we both have children. Her case is not as severe as my aunt?s. She has a hard time leaving the house and also suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with cleanliness. The OCD has become so severe after having children that she has washed her hands until they bleed. After her first child was born she felt as if her husband had some what forgotten about her. She then started having major medical issues. She believes truly that there is something wrong and has a fear of dying from ovarian cancer because other family members have. Even after being medicated she still suffers minor symptoms and we watch her closely for signs of mood changes. Each case is different and are not all going to show the same signs. I believe this to be a case of nurture as she felt as if her husband had forgotten about her because of their new children. I have one more case to discuss and that is myself and being depressed during pregnancy. During pregnancy is one of those times when you cannot just take any medication and everything has to be closely monitored. Usually a woman is taken off any medication that the affects are not known. I had tried to get pregnant for eight years with nothing but failure. Finally we tried some fertility treatments and one worked! I was pregnant and got exactly what I wanted, but became increasingly depressed about four months into the pregnancy and even started a journal about the feelings I was having. I worked long days and even a lot of overtime while pregnant even until the day I delivered. I just could not kick the depression and felt like everything was wrong and that

Mrk #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mrk #1 - Essay Example Finally, a key aspect of any relationship is that it is balanced; one side does not hold all the power. Aspects that tend to cause problems in relationship include incompatible personalities and one person depending totally on the other person. 2. In this situation, I would let the incident go because the salesperson is consistent with hitting sales objectives. If I was to reprimand him, then it may adversely affect his performance, and this would not benefit the company. While other salespeople have a right to be concerned, I would trust the judgment of the employee who sensed that a large order was possible. However, I would remind this particular salesperson about the companys stated guidelines for customer entertainment expenses and give him a warning. I would tell him that another incident like this could potentially land him in hot water, so he needs to be a little bit more selective next time when he feels that he is close to finalizing a deal with a major

Policy Brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Policy Brief - Essay Example This might lead to worse security situation in that state. Improving law and order in that state might be the first step instead of imposing penalty on possession of guns. Continuing with the previous example of drug control policy, a report was published by GAO on March 26, 2013 (Larence & Kohn, 2013) that mentions a policy by Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), which nose-dived horribly in achieving its goals. The policy was stated in the year 2010 as a part of National Drug Control Strategy. It was supposed to achieve its targets of reducing illicit drug use by year 2015. Various economic analysis models used for evaluating public polices depend on the nature, its goals and the demographics. Deterministic models and simulation models are among the many that are employed by public policy analysts. For the policy by ONDCP, the analytic models used were primarily for studying other aspects of the policy that included politically driven agenda. For instance, there are some states that have allowed the use of medical marijuana. To study the reason as to why they are allowed to smoke weed, needs to go in the analysis if ONDCP is to be successful in reducing its usage. It’s quite startling that the model used to analyze this revealed that such states already had a high usage of marijuana even before medical weed got the green signal from the authorities (Larence & Cohen, 2013). Equity in a public policy doesn’t refer to the stock market shares. It might seem to be closely related to equality but it is not. For instance, equity in a public policy generally refers to proportionate allocation of resources, which is not equality (Nagel, 1983). Resources could be in any form, money, commodity, manpower etc. Relating the concept of equity to the case under discussion, suppose two cities get $200,000 each to collect

Training and development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Training and development - Assignment Example Training and development are crucial to the business because it equips the employees with the relevant knowledge and skills for realizing the business objectives through a well laid down strategies (Werner, Jon and Randy, 15). With the increasing level of competition, the most organization embraces the fact that there exist the link between policy and training and organizational development. Therefore, human resource is regarded as equally important as any other resource in an organization, in that respect, the team must spend so well in their training. In the training process, the employees go through professional certification. Professional certification is important to both the organization and the individual. It is important to the organization in that the operator will execute his or her duties with due competence. Furthermore, it is also important during the execution of strategy. On the other hand, the employee who has undergone professional certification will have courage in the performance of his duties and policy implementation. Training and development is one crucial and important thing in many organizational setting. Training and development usually lead to improved performance of groups and i ndividuals in any organization. In most cases, professional certification is financed by the business organization (Werner, Jon and Randy, 43). On the part of the organizational development (OD), it is imperative especially for the effectiveness and widening of productivity in the organization. Furthermore, OD acts as a way of solving the problems that involve the execution of strategy. However, the process of executing organizational development requires an investment of both time and finance. It is prudent that the company invests on the human resource through training. Human resource management is always the department charged with the duty of training and development (Wilson, 65). Training

Examining The Concept Of Crime And Its Dimensions Criminology Essay

Examining The Concept Of Crime And Its Dimensions Criminology Essay Tappan (1947:) defined crime asan intentional act or omission in violation of criminal law, committed without defense or justification, and penalized by the state and vehemently advocated the notion that the legal definition of crime is representative of what society consensually defines crime as. However, as both Greer and Hagan (2001) and Morrison (2009) emphasised, whilst what is deemed a crime will be based on the shared societal perceptions in many instances, ultimately acts are legislated as criminal by those in authority and therefore disagreement between what is legally deemed a crime and what is perceived as a crime by members of the society to which the law applies will inevitably exist. Furthermore, Henry and Lanier (1998) also highlighted that if the concept of crime is based purely on the legal definition then actions such as racism, sexism, and other denials of human rights as well as other deviant and anti-social behaviour may fail to be recognised, since these have of ten been excluded from what constitutes crime in the definition proposed by law. As such, Hagan (1977) posited that crime should be regarded as a subcategory of all harmful acts, regardless of whether they are proscribed by law, thus emphasising that the legal definition of crime alone is too narrow. Similarly, some theorists (Burgress 1950; Durkheim 1933; Roshier 1989) have attempted to expand the legal definition further still to include a universal sense of morality and argue that actions should be defined as crime when moral outrage ensues from a breach of social norms. This perspective thus considers the reactions of society, although as Blackburn (1993) emphasised, not all criminal acts violate moral codes, such as supposed victimless crimes including the gambling, drug abuse and prostitution. Hence this definition may still not encompass the crime phenomenon fully. Whilst a good starting point in terms of defining crime, evidently, the legal definition alone is too narrow since it lacks recognition for the social nature of crime, social harm and morality and is ultimately determined by those in power rather than a general consensus. As Lindgren (2005) emphasised, social constructionists, alternatively, argue that what is defined as crime in law is historically, temporally and culturally relative and as Sumner (2003) argued, we, as a society, have an impact on what is defined as crime, firstly by the social conditions that enable or encourage the behaviour that causes harm and secondly by our reactions to that behaviour and our collective disapproval and condemnation of such behaviours, which ultimately lead them to becoming defined as criminal, but which are subject to change over time as our societal attitudes change. The notion that the definition of crime is subject to change with changing societal attitudes, was supported by Feldman (1993) who suggested that whilst the core of criminal law is consistent across societies, the borders move. So whilst, as Lemert (1972) found in a cross cultural comparison, murder, rape and theft are universally condemned crimes whatever the prevailing legal system and time context, the definition of many other acts as criminal depends heavily of which societies are examined and when. For example, in 1533 English law identified homosexuality as punishable by hanging, and until the Sexual Offences Act 1967 was passed, homosexuality remained illegal within the UK. The prohibition of alcohol between 1920 and 1933 in America is another example of crime being context and time dependent. Notably in both cases, homosexuality and the consumption of alcohol are still illegal in various other cultures. This definition of crime therefore accounts for the social nature of crime, and explains how societal attitudes influence what becomes legally defined as crime, how definitions of crime are time and context dependent, and is able to recognise that not all actions are legally classified as criminal but nevertheless constitute behaviour worthy of the definition according to societal beliefs. In an initial attempt to integrate the aforementioned components of crime into one conceptual model, Hagan (1977) postulated that deviance and crime are akin and fall under rule breaking which constitutes anything from minor deviance from accepted standards of behaviour such as public drunkenness to highly offensive acts involving serious harm such as terrorism or murder. He emphasised that crime is a deviation from a social norm proscribed by criminal law, thus recognising the social constructionists idea of relativity of crime via norm violation, the legal tradition of law violation, as well as societal consensus and social harm. Hagan (1977) demonstrated his attempt to integrate the various definitions of crime within a framework named the Pyramid of Crime which is illustrated below, and reflected the definitions within three measures of seriousness each ranging from low/weak to high/strong, namely societal consensus regarding the crime, the severity of the legal response, includi ng fines, imprisonment, the death penalty and so on, and the level of harm inflicted, arguing that some crimes such as drug use, gambling and prostitution are victimless crimes, thus producing less social than individual harm. Source: Henry and Lanier (1998) In response to Hagans (1977) pyramid of crime, Henry and Lanier (1998) decided to redesign the visual presentation of the pyramid into a prism, to expand on some elements of the crime phenomenon, namely dimensions of social agreement, probable social response, individual and social harm and the extent of victimisation into a more integrated approach. The complex visual representation of the definition of crime highlights the complexity of defining crime. Their model is illustrated below, with the upper pyramid representing the highly visible crimes, typically those of the structurally powerless, which are committed in public including assault, murder, stranger rape, and arson, and the lower, inverted pyramid representing relatively invisible crimes, including a variety of crimes of the powerful, such as offences by government officials, corporations, organisations, crime that people commit through their occupations such as fraud and embezzlement, and even some offences such as domest ic violence, sexism and hate crimes. These crimes are typically perpetrated in private settings such as the workplace, homes and involve violations of trusted relationships. The manner in which the prism is formed has several implications for the way crime is examined. Firstly, the position of crimes in the prism varies over time. As vocal dominant groups and mass-mediated culture focus on different issues so the public awareness of what counts as crime is formed and reformed. In such a formation acts are recognised as more or less visible, more or less serious and more or less harmful, for example the position of domestic violence and sexual harassment have changed, both recently have begun to move from the lower to the upper half of the prism. Second, the upper half of the prism contains predominantly conventional crimes whereas the lower half contains white collar crimes. It is arguable that those committing most of the conventional/street crimes are relatively powerless in society whereas those committing most of the white collar crimes hold structural positions of power. Due to this, white collar crimes are located at the bottom of the prism as they are very harmful, but often obscured as they harm their victims indirectly and diffusely. Often the victims are not aware of who the offender or even if they have been victimised. By developing Hagans (1977) analysis, Henry and Lanier (1998) have produced an integrated approach to defining crime, which consider the major constitutive dimensions of what counts as crime. The prism is able to capture the contingent and changing nature of crime, locating its constitutive features into a framework that allows criminologists to see their combined and interactive effects, but is by no means definitive. The prism allows one to see how specific crimes are related to one another and to wider social forces that intersect with those crimes at certain moments in time, rendering some acts rather than others serious crimes.

The Norse Viking Age Essay -- Expansion of the Vikings

In most cases, the Norse Viking Age is recorded to have officially began in 793 AD with the first recorded raid through to 1066 AD, ending with the Battle of Hastings. However, these dates vary upon scholars. The Battle of Hastings wasn't exactly the end of the Viking Age, because the Norse were spread out across Europe and Viking raids continued to take place in other locations. With that said, dating the conclusion of the Viking Age is fairly generic because Viking raids were sporadic in many locations and when one area was under control, another area was being raided. Additionally, because Viking raiders weren't unified efforts and most Norsemen tended to 'vikingr' (raid) at their own whim. This places the conclusion of the Viking Age at approximately the beginning of the 12th Century-ish. This is also about the time when Norse and other Kingdoms were becoming increasingly solidified and more able to repel Viking incursions. This was also around the time when the Christia nization of Northern Europe and Norse dominated lands began to take a firmer hold. So dating the exact end of the Viking Age is vague at best. The same can be said about the approximate beginning of the Viking Age as well. Although it's officially marked by most scholars as beginning in 793 AD with the raid on the Lindisfarne Monastery, however it wasn't a new concept to go â€Å"vikingr' (raid). Viking raids were already occurring in a vast range of other areas, including France. The most accepted official start of the Viking Age is recorded to have begun on June 8th, 793 AD when Norse raiders landed on the island of Lindisfarne and attacked the Christian Monastery located there, killing the monks and seizing the valuables. Viking raids by op... ...This left Alfred in command and the West Saxon and Viking armies met and the battle itself lasted all day. Bagsecg was killed along with his five Danish Jarls. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle King Bagsecg was slain by a sword while Halfdan fled from the battlefield with the rest of the army back to Reading. The Battle of Ashdown itself was a limited West Saxon Victory. The Battle of Basing was a battle on January 22nd, 871 AD at Old Basing in what is now the English county of Hampshire. It was one of a series of battles that took place following an invasion of the then kingdom of Wessex by an army of Danes, remnants of the merged Great Heathen Army and Great Summer Army. The Danes had established a camp at Reading and the previous battles of Englefield, the Battle of Reading and the Battle of Ashdown, had proved indecisive with victories to both sides.

Concept of Sustainable Development

The concept of sustainable development is based on the rising environmental problems, socio-economic issues to do with poverty and inequality, and concerns about a healthy future for humanity. There is no definitive definition of sustainable development as it is thought of differently by many other people throughout the world. Sustainable Development is founded on the principle that mankind should advance without causing permanent damage to ecosystems and the resources they provide, how these resources are used, the processes that are used to get these resources and who has access to them.All the above stated should be taken into consideration without posing risks to future generations. Sustainable development can be seen as as the connection between environment, society and economy, which is thought of being separate yet connected bodies. The economy is often given priority in policies and the environment is viewed as apart from humans. They are directly linked where the economy is dependent on society and the environment, and society is dependent on, and within the environment. Issues to do with society such as sustainability of communities and the maintenance of cultural diversity are often sidelined.Economics came to be the leading issue of human relations with economic growth, defined by increasing production, as the main priority. Changing the quality of growth, meeting important needs, merging environment and economics in decision making while emphasizing human development, participation in decisions and equality in benefits are things that can be done to eliminate poverty, meet human needs and ensure that all get a fair share of resources. Social justice today and in the future is a key component of the concept of sustainable development. This is seen as the key to humanity’s well-being and, through growth, poverty would be reduced.Most countries have no programs or policies that offer any real hope of narrowing the growing gap between rich and p oor. This has caused damage to the environment which we depend on, with a downward spiral of poverty and environmental degradation. Environmental problems threaten people’s health, livelihoods and lives and threaten future generations. Global prosperity and human well-being can be achieved through increased global trade and industry. Green engineering is designing, building and manufacturing of products and processes including energy utilization and waste production that has the least negative impact on the environment possible.It includes all of the engineering disciplines, and is based off of current engineering design principles. Green Engineering can be defined as environmentally conscious attitudes, values, and principles, combined with science, technology, and engineering practice, all directed toward improving local and global environmental quality. It is usually used when referring to buildings, but it can be used for automobiles, lights or any other sort of system or device that requires engineering. Current design concepts in automobiles that are considered environmentally friendly are hybrid technologies; flex fuel vehicles, and even electricity.Though green engineering is somewhat more expensive, many countries, recognizing the value of this type of engineering by offering tax breaks and other incentives to the people and companies that incorporate its use. Green engineers need to understand how building materials, techniques and other components can be made in an environmentally-friendly way. This may include the use of solar powered appliances, especially water heaters, solar lights or windows and other design elements. Elements outside the building, such as the irrigation system and other landscaping features need to be taken into consideration also.It is likely that in the very near future we will be seeing â€Å"green cities† where cities are constructed to be healthy and environmentally friendly environments thus alleviating iss ues such as poverty in inequality within society. References 1. Abrahammson, K. V. 1997. Paradigms of sustainability. In S. Sorlin, ed. The road towards sustainability, A historical perspective, A sustainable Baltic Region, The Baltic University programme,Uppsalla University, pp. 30-35. 2. Hanna, S. & Munasinghe, M. 1995. eds.Property rights in a social and ecological context, Case study and design apllications, The Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and the World Bank, Washington D. C. 3. OECD. 1997. Environmental indicators for agriculture, Paris. 4. Robinson, J. & Tinker, J. 1995. Reconciling ecological, economic and social imperatives: Toward an analytical framework, SDRI Discussion Papers Series, 1995-1, Sustainable Development Institute. Vancouver, Canada. 5. Anastas, P. T. , and Zimmerman, J. B. , â€Å"Design through the Twelve Principles of Green Engineering†, Env. Sci. and Tech. , 37, 5, 94A-101A, 2003.

A Biography of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.

A Biography of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. In 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. was in Miami when he had a meeting with film producer Abby Mann, who was contemplating a movie biography about King. Mann asked the 37-year-old minister how the movie should end. King replied, It ends with me getting killed. Throughout his civil rights career, King was painfully aware that a number of white Americans wanted to see him destroyed or even dead, but he accepted the mantle of leadership anyway, assuming its heavy burden at the young age of 26. The 12 years the activist spent fighting first for civil rights and later against poverty changed America in profound ways and turned King into the moral leader of the nation, in A. Philip Randolphs words. Martin Luther Kings Childhood King was born on Jan. 15, 1929, to an Atlanta pastor, Michael (Mike) King, and his wife, Alberta King. Mike Kings son was named after him, but when little Mike was five, the elder King changed his name and his sons name to Martin Luther, suggesting that both had a destiny as great as the founder of the Protestant Reformation. The Rev. Martin Luther King Sr. was a prominent pastor among African Americans in Atlanta, and his son grew up in a comfortable middle-class environment. King Jr. was an intelligent boy who impressed his teachers with his efforts to expand his vocabulary and sharpen his speaking skills. He was a dutiful member of his fathers church, but as he grew older, he did not show much interest in following in his fathers footsteps. On one occasion, he told a Sunday school teacher that he did not believe that Jesus Christ was ever resurrected. Kings experience in his youth with segregation was mixed. On the one hand, King Jr. witnessed his father stand up to white policemen who called him boy instead of reverend. King Sr. was a strong man who demanded the respect he was due. But, on the other hand, King himself had been subject to a racial epithet in a downtown Atlanta store. When he was 16, King, accompanied by a teacher, went to a small town in southern Georgia for an oratorical contest; on the way home, the bus driver forced King and his teacher to give up their seats to white passengers. King and his teacher had to stand for the three hours it took to return to Atlanta. King later noted that he had never been angrier in his life. Higher Education Kings intelligence and excellent schoolwork led him to skip two grades in high school, and in 1944, at the age of 15, King began his university studies at Morehouse College while living at home. His youth did not hold him back, however, and King joined the college social scene. Classmates remembered his stylish mode of dressa fancy sport coat and wide-brimmed hat. King became more interested in the church as he grew older. At Morehouse, he took a Bible class that prompted his conclusion that whatever doubts he had about the Bible, it contained many truths about human existence. King majored in sociology, and by the end of his college career, he was contemplating either a career in law or in ministry. At the start of his senior year, King settled on becoming a minister and started acting as assistant pastor to King Sr. He applied and was accepted into Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania. He spent three years at Crozer where he excelled academicallymore so than he had at Morehouseand began to hone his preaching skills. His professors thought he would do well in a doctoral program, and King decided to attend Boston University to pursue a doctorate in theology. In Boston, King met his future wife, Coretta Scott, and in 1953, they married. King told friends that he liked people too much to become an academic, and in 1954, King moved to Montgomery, Ala., to become pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. That first year, he finished his dissertation while also building up his ministry. King earned his doctorate in June of 1955. Montgomery Bus Boycott Shortly after King finished his dissertation on Dec. 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was on a Montgomery bus when told to give up her seat to a white passenger. She refused and was arrested. Her arrest marked the beginning of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The evening of her arrest, King received a phone call from union leader and activist E.D. Nixon, who asked King to join the boycott and host the boycott meetings at his church. King hesitated, seeking the counsel of his friend Ralph Abernathy before agreeing. That agreement catapulted King into the leadership of the civil rights movement. On Dec. 5, the Montgomery Improvement Association, the organization leading the boycott, elected King as its president. The meetings of Montgomerys African-American citizens saw the full realization of Kings oratorical skills. The boycott lasted longer than any had predicted, as white Montgomery refused to negotiate. Montgomerys black community withstood the pressure admirably, organizing car pools and walking to work if necessary. During the year of the boycott, King developed the ideas that formed the core of his non-violent philosophy, which was that the activists should, through quiet and passive resistance, reveal to the white community their own brutality and hatred. Though Mahatma Gandhi later became an influence, he initially developed his ideas out of Christianity. King explained that [t]his business of passive resistance and nonviolence is the gospel of Jesus. I went to Gandhi through him. World Traveler The bus boycott was successful in integrating Montgomerys buses by December of 1956. The year was a trying one for King; he was arrested and 12 sticks of dynamite with a burnt-out fuse were discovered on his front porch, but it also was the year that King accepted his role in the civil rights movement. After the boycott in 1957, King helped to found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which became a key organization in the civil rights movement. King became a sought-out speaker across the South, and though he worried about peoples overweening expectations, King began the travels that would take up the rest of his life. In 1959, King traveled to India and met with Gandhis former lieutenants. India had won its independence from Great Britain in 1947 due in large part to Gandhis non-violent movement, which entailed peaceful civil resistancethat is resisting the unjust government but doing so without violence. King was impressed by the incredible success of the Indian independence movement through the employment of non-violence. When he returned, King announced his resignation from Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. He felt it was unfair to his congregation to spend so much time on civil rights activism and so little time on ministry. The natural solution was to become co-pastor with his father at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. Nonviolence Put to the Test By the time King moved to Atlanta, the civil rights movement became full-fledged. College students in Greensboro, N.C., initiated the protests that formed this phase. On Feb. 1, 1960, four African-American college students, young men from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, went to a Woolworths lunch counter that served whites only and asked to be served. When denied service, they sat silently until the store closed. They returned for the rest of the week, kicking off a lunch-counter boycott that spread across the South. In October, King joined students at a Richs department store in downtown Atlanta. It became the occasion for another of Kings arrests. But, this time, he was on probation for driving without a Georgia license (he had retained his Alabama license when he made his move to Atlanta). When he appeared before a Dekalb County judge on the charge of trespassing, the judge sentenced King to four months hard labor. It was presidential election season, and presidential candidate John F. Kennedy called Coretta Scott to offer his support while King was in jail. Meanwhile, Robert Kennedy, though angry that the publicity of the phone call might alienate white Democrat voters from his brother, worked behind the scenes to procure Kings early release. The result was that King Sr. announced his support for the Democratic candidate. In 1961, the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which had been formed in the wake of the Greensboro lunch-counter protests began a new initiative in Albany, Ga. Students and Albany residents began a series of demonstrations designed to integrate the citys services. Albanys police chief, Laurie Pritchett, employed a strategy of peaceful policing. He kept his police force tightly controlled, and the Albany protesters were having trouble making any headway. They called King. King arrived in December and found his non-violent philosophy tested. Pritchett told the press that he had studied Kings ideas and that non-violent protests would be countered by non-violent police work. What became apparent in Albany was the non-violent demonstrations were most effective when performed in an environment of overt hostility. As Albanys police kept peacefully jailing protesters, the civil rights movement was being denied their most effective weapon in the new age of television images of peaceful protesters being brutally beaten. King left Albany in August 1962 as Albanys civil rights community decided to shift its efforts to voter registration. Though Albany is generally considered a failure for King, it was merely road bump on the way to greater success for the non-violent civil rights movement. The Letter from Birmingham Jail In the spring of 1963, King and the SCLC took what they learned and applied it in Birmingham, Ala. The police chief there was Eugene Bull Connor, a violent reactionary lacking the political skills of Pritchett. When Birminghams African-American community started mounting protests against segregation, Connors police force responded by spraying the activists with high-pressure water hoses and unleashing police dogs. It was during the Birmingham demonstrations that King was arrested for the 13th time since Montgomery. On April 12, King went to jail for demonstrating without a permit. While in jail, he read in the Birmingham News about an open letter from white clergy, urging civil rights protesters to stand down and be patient. Kings response became known as Letter from a Birmingham Jail, a powerful essay that defended the morality of civil rights activism. King emerged from the Birmingham jail determined to win the fight there. SCLC and King made the difficult decision to allow high-school students to join the protests. Connor did not disappointthe resulting images of peaceful youths being brutally put down shocked white America. King had won a decisive victory. The March on Washington On the heels of success in Birmingham came Kings speech at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on Aug. 28, 1963. The march was planned to urge support for a civil rights bill, though President Kennedy had his misgivings about the march. Kennedy delicately suggested that thousands of African Americans converging on DC might hurt the chances of a bill making it through Congress, but the civil rights movement remained dedicated to the march, although they agreed to avoid any rhetoric that could be interpreted as militant. The highlight of the march was Kings speech that used the famous refrain I have a dream. King exhorted Americans, Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of Gods children. Civil Rights Laws When Kennedy was assassinated, his successor, President Lyndon B. Johnson, used the moment to push the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through Congress, which outlawed segregation. At the end of 1964, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his success in so prominently articulating and demanding human rights. With that congressional victory in hand, King and the SCLC turned their attention next to the issue of voting rights. White Southerners since the end of Reconstruction had come up with various ways to deprive African Americans of suffrage, such as outright intimidation, poll taxes and literacy tests. In March of 1965, SNCC and SCLC tried to march from Selma to Montgomery, Ala., but were violently rebuffed by police. King joined them, leading a symbolic march that turned around before heading over the Pettus Bridge, the scene of the police brutality. Though King was criticized for that move, it presented a cooling-down period, and activists were able to complete the march to Montgomery on March 25. In the midst of the troubles at Selma, President Johnson gave a speech urging support for his voting rights bill. He ended the speech by echoing the civil rights anthem, We Shall Overcome. The speech brought tears to Kings eyes as he watched it on televisionit was the first time his closest friends had seen him cry. President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law on Aug. 6. King and Black Power As the federal government endorsed the causes of the civil rights movementintegration and voting rightsKing increasingly came face-to-face with the  growing black power movement. Non-violence had been enormously effective in the South, which was segregated by law. In the North, however, African Americans faced de facto segregation, or segregation kept in place by custom, poverty due to years of discrimination, and housing patterns that were difficult to change overnight. So, despite the enormous changes coming to the South, African Americans in the North were frustrated by the slow pace of change. The black power movement addressed these frustrations. Stokely Carmichael of SNCC articulated these frustrations during a 1966 speech, Now we maintain that in the past six years or so, this country has been feeding us a thalidomide drug of integration, and that some negroes have been walking down a dream street talking about sitting next to white people; and that that does not begin to solve the problem . . . that people ought to understand that; that we were never fighting for the right to integrate, we were fighting against white supremacy. The black power movement dismayed King. As he began speaking out against the Vietnam War, he found himself having to address the issues raised by Carmichael and others, who were arguing that non-violence was not enough. He told one audience in Mississippi, Im sick and tired of violence. Im tired of the war in Vietnam. Im tired of war and conflict in the world. Im tired of shooting. Im tired of selfishness. Im tired of evil. Im not going to use violence, no matter who says it. The Poor Peoples Campaign By 1967, in addition to becoming outspoken about the Vietnam War, King also began an anti-poverty campaign. He broadened his activism to include all poor Americans, seeing the achievement of economic justice as a way to overcome the sort of segregation that existed in cities like Chicago but also as a basic human right. It was the Poor Peoples Campaign, a movement to unite all impoverished Americans regardless of race or religion. King envisioned the movement as culminating in a march on Washington in the spring of 1968. But events in Memphis interfered. In February of 1968, Memphis sanitation workers went on strike, protesting the mayors refusal to recognize their union. An old friend, James Lawson, pastor of a Memphis church, called King and asked him to come. King could not refuse Lawson or their workers who needed his help and went to Memphis at the end of March, leading a demonstration that turned into a riot. King returned to Memphis on April 3, determined to help the sanitation workers in spite of his dismay at the violence that had erupted. He spoke at a mass meeting that night, encouraging his listeners that we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land! He was staying at the Lorraine Motel, and on the afternoon of April 4, as King and other SCLC members were readying themselves for dinner, King stepped onto the balcony, waiting on Ralph Abernathy to put on some aftershave. As he stood waiting, King was shot. The hospital pronounced his death at 7:05 p.m. Legacy King was not perfect. He would have been the first to admit this. His wife, Coretta, desperately wanted to join the civil rights marches, but he insisted that she stay at home with their children, unable to break out of the rigid gender patterns of the era. He committed adultery, a fact that the FBI threatened to use against him and that King feared would make its way into the papers. But King was able to overcome his all-too-human weaknesses and lead  African Americans, and all Americans, to a better future. The civil rights movement never recovered from the blow of his death. Abernathy tried to continue the Poor Peoples Campaign without King, but he could not marshal the same support. King, however, has continued to inspire the world. By 1986,  a federal holiday  commemorating his birthday had been established. Schoolchildren study his I Have a Dream speech. No other American before or since has so clearly articulated and so determinedly fought for social justice. Sources Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1964. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988. Frady, Marshall. Martin Luther King. New York: Viking Penguin, 2002. Garrow, David J. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.. New York: Vintage Books, 1988. Kotz, Nick. Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Laws that Changed America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.

The Angel of Death essays

The Angel of Death essays The medical professions of Germany, including academic medicine, played a critical role in the evolution of Nazisms programs of human destruction, programs that were based in genocide and the exploitation of the dead. The atrocities associated with the Holocaust are staggering, especially when the words Auschwitz and Mengele are mentioned. Dr. Josef Mengele was a man that was twisted by Nazi ideology and notions of Aryan supremacy into a madman who was responsible for so many deaths at Auschwitz. Through his responsibilities as a selector at the arrival gates and a human experimenter in his laboratory behind the scenes, Mengele brutalized and slaughtered thousands of men, women and children. Once he had acquired a sense of power and control from being stationed at Auschwitz, Josef Mengele grew insane with this power and became an actual angel of death, victimizing the feeble and weak at the arrival gates and performing unethical human experiments on so many young subjects. In October of 1930, Josef Mengele enrolled at Munich University and began studying philosophy and medicine. # At about the same time, the City of Munich was going though ideological revolution due to the rising popularity and power of the Nazi party. Professor Rudolf Hess proclaimed at a mass meeting that National Socialism is nothing but applied biology.# This speech was very inspirational to Josef Mengele because he viewed himself as a Nazi revolutionary and a biological revolutionary.# As Mengele became more involved with National Socialism, he acquired his doctorate from Munich and moved to Frankfurt to study under Dr. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, who ultimately set the foundation for the racial research performed by Mengele at Auschwitz. The main emphasis of his research in Frankfurt was the importance of heredity within the context of Nazi race science.# ...

Quantitative report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Quantitative report - Essay Example In spite of the fact that Brisbane is a state capital, the historical background of the area states that it’s no lesser than a large town of the country located on the northern parts of Australia. Earlier the place was known for its parochialism in the social and political contexts. However in the late 80’s, after the retirement of Bjelke-Petersen, Brisbane walked on the path of modernization. Today the place is known to have a growing metropolitan ambience with developing industries and a promising cultural environment, accompanied by congestion and a developing property market. Motivation Factors to Attend Event In order to explore the true motivation of people for attending the musical event held in Brisbane, a close ended sample questionnaire was circulated randomly to approximately 100 people that had attended the event. The questionnaire was constructed so as to reflect practical cause that motivates an individual to attend such event. The responses of people were provided as input to statistical analysis and it was found that the three most motivating factors for tourists’ to such events are Known-group socialization, Cultural experience and Intention. These results are derived from t-test result values where the p-values of these variables were found to be very low implying high confidence level and reliability. On the other hand, the primary festival motivation for most musical events consist of various factors like raising funds, spreading a message, promotion of a campaign, competition, and so on. At the same time the audiences attends the event with several motives like enjoyment (Intention), getting the company of friends (Socialization), having a preference for the performer or simply because they love music (Culture). Thus, it is obvious that a place as urbanized as Brisbane would attract a lot of tourist. Yet the geographical location of the place causes much hindrance for people to reach Brisbane since it’s situated in the remote parts of Australia. As a result the bands that perform here do not find a motivating group of audience. In this context Joel Saunders of the â€Å"Ambitious Lovers† group states, â€Å"They don’t come up here because they don’t get good turn-outs. Had they come up here in the prime time of [venue] 610 and stuff, there just would have been kids there for no reason, which would have just turned up there (Interview 1 May 2008)† (Rogers, 2008). The local bands of Brisbane however manage to gather a small number of audiences which remains highly dependent on the venue and day of the concert. It was noted by Griffin that the modern era of globalization is drawing the audiences from their local boundaries and placing them in a global arena where the various constraints are easily overcome (Brennan, 2007). Research Question On this basis three research questions can be framed- 1. How the demographic profile of the audience can affect their motive to wards attending the musical event? The sample questionnaire was circulated among 100 randomly selected individuals and when their responses were analyzed it was found that the main demographic profile for attending music event in Brisbane consists of people with age-group of 18 to 30 years. The result of statistical analysis shows that about 46 people out of 100 are in that age-group which is further dominated by females. This is because 52% of this 46 people in that age-grou

MGMT402 U4 IP Labor Laws Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MGMT402 U4 IP Labor Laws - Research Paper Example This was a law formulated and passed in 1926 but later amended in 1936 that provides a legal framework for resolution of disputes through conflict resolution, mediation and bargaining instead of striking for the workers of railway and airlines. It also further extends to issues such as representation of employees and administration of contracts in places where the employees have representation by labor union (Twomey, 2012). The act has definitely improved the losses the railway and airlines organizations incur when the workers go on strike in protesting their work conditions or any other aspect of the work ethics and organizational culture. The mediation curbs the strike and ensures workers continue with their normal duties as negotiations and mediation continues. The relationship between the union and management has improved because of the National Mediation Board that is part of the labor law and which tries to maintain civility between the two parties for the sake of the workers. In short, the union puts its demands and the management retaliates by negotiating the terms and finally coming up with an agreement but in the end the workers benefit. This was an act passed in 1932 that ensured removal of legal barriers against the trade unions. The act other than barring the federal courts from issuing injunctions on unions following labor disputes, it also ensured that employers did not interfere with the rights of their workers to join trade unions. Prior to the act being enforced, employees upon employment were forced to sign contracts (yellow-dog contracts) that prohibited them from joining labor unions but this was prohibited by the courts (Cihon and Castagnera, 2013). The relationship between the union and management was sour as the management saw the union as an obstacle while the union viewed the management as out to

INCREASING AIRLINE SALES THE CASE OF VIRGIN ATLANTIC Assignment

INCREASING AIRLINE SALES THE CASE OF VIRGIN ATLANTIC - Assignment Example Fundamentally, the report suggests that the major challenges in increasing company sales come from the internal structures and business strategies adopted by the company. The report suggests a number of possible options towards increasing sales for the company, including merchandising, partnerships among others. The report finally concludes by offering suggestions in the recommendations section, on ensuring sustained profitability through increased sales. Table of contents 1.Introduction 4 2.Methodology 4 3.Background to airline industry 4 4.Background to Virgin Atlantic 5 5.Strategic market audit findings – increasing airline sales 6 5.1.Customer choices 6 5.2.Competition 6 5.3.Code share agreements 7 5.4.Frequent-flyer program 7 5.5.Distribution channels 8 6.Strategic options 8 6.1.Partnerships 9 6.2.Merchandising 10 6.3.Consumer research 11 6.4.Competitive mapping 12 7.Recommendations 13 8.Conclusion 14 9.Bibliography 14 10.Appendices 17 11.Annotated bibliography 18 11.1.Pr imary sources 18 11.2.Secondary sources 19 1. Introduction This report will focus on the airline industry with specific focus on ways of increasing sales for the Virgin Atlantic airline. ... 3. Background to airline industry The airline industry has continuously been transformed since the inception of aircrafts. Airlines have undertaken different income generating methods through including cargo and mail among the items transported. Traditionally airlines offered passenger travel to individuals moving between different locations. Considered a luxury for many individuals, the increasing number of airlines has resulted in airline transport becoming recognised and increasingly utilised. The airlines have further provided different products for their clients aimed at maximising the number of passengers transported. Global ranking for airlines continues to be based on number of passengers transported within passenger airlines. Increased competition within the airline industry continues to present surmountable challenges to various carriers within the industry. Different carrier routes continue to be developed as well as different products aimed at enhancing sales. Within the airline industry, many carriers have continuously focused on enhancing customer satisfaction and flying experience. Passenger carriers have also introduced other services like cargo and mail to increase revenue and diversify business opportunities. Many carriers have taken diversification further through acquisition of cargo planes. While some companies like DHL have specialised in cargo transportation, passenger carriers continue to invest in cargo as they diversify their business opportunities for sustainability 4. Background to Virgin Atlantic Virgin Atlantic is trademark of the Virgin Atlantic Airways Limited, registered in Britain as an airline based at the Gatwick airport in West

Era of social and cultural rebellion Essay Example for Free

Era of social and cultural rebellion Essay The disintegration of American values was reflected in manners and morals that shook American society to the depths. (Leuchtenburg) The 1920s was an era in which the Americans showed their independence through actions; learning not to live the same ways that those preceded them had. The 20s was a cultural and socialistic rebellious attitude, decomposing past American ethics and beliefs. The most obvious rebellion is shown by the feminine movements during this time. The 1920s led to a new role for American women, in which females desperately tried to rid themselves of Victorian roles they had played in the past. In an effort to become modern and masculine, the flapper led to newly recognized rights for females in the male fields. The flappers showed their rebellion by wearing short skirts that in previous years would have been entirely inappropriate dress for women. Rebellion was also shown by the increased number of females working in public offices, obtaining jobs, attending colleges, and having leading roles in professional careers (events that were practically unheard-of fifty years earlier.) Women professionals increased 50 percent, while married working women increased 30 percent. With the suffrage movement in 1920, women started out the 20s with a passion for independence and political and social rights. Women lived by themselves, proving absolute independence from men. They, who had once been thought of as mens property solely to perform the acts of cleaning and cooking, were revolting against their title of exclusive possession. Once the rebellion against stay-at-home wives had started, women who still fulfilled that role felt compelled to apologize that they were not out working alongside men in the job world. (Leuchtenburg) Marriage was also a way to rebel; women who were unhappy in marriages felt that they had the right to divorce their husbands; this act more then doubled between the years of 1914 and 1929. Divorce, once thought to be completely immoral, was becoming quite common. All these factors show that the female race was using the 1920s to revolt against issues they had previously disagreed with, but never had the courage to address. The 1920s brought a breakdown in ethics. Couples went further in publicly showing their affection for each other. Sex was a common discussion topic,  not only for women but young girls. Suggestive topics were broadcasted all over the radios, movies, and newspapers. Parties were no longer chaperoned, and parents no longer had knowledge about their daughters actions. The fact that individuals during this time were so free with their sexual favors proves the fact that people during this time wanted to show their capability at making decisions for themselves. (Leuchtenburg) One may argue that the 1920s was not an era of social and cultural rebellion, and bring up the opinion that the dresses the flappers wore were efforts to save money. (Shannon) This is possible, but in order to feel completely at ease at wearing what would have been considered (only a decade earlier) an outrageous outfit, the women would have had to rebel. One might also say that the reason why there were increased numbers of women attending college was not the fact that they were rebelling to prove their equality with men, but rather because it was the first time they could ever afford such an education. This is untrue; debt was so high in the 20s that most families would have been unable to afford a college education. During the 1920s, the economy grew into a consumer economy, one that revolved around the ability of the citizens to consume products. In order to make it easy for the people to do this, credit was developed. With the innovation of credit, many people became in debt, and consumer debt rose a total of 250 percent. Personal debt rose 2.5 times faster then personal income, and people just didnt have money to spend it on an education solely for the reason of becoming educated. However, in order to show their equality, women would have been more willing to put a college education on credit. In conclusion, the Roaring Twenties was a time of serious cultural and social rebellion. People wanted to live their lives they way they chose; they wanted to show their independence and ability to make decisions, and not live by the beliefs of their predecessors.

How and why is masculinity in crisis?

How and why is masculinity in crisis? Discuss with reference to psychoanalytic theories of masculinity. It is widely argued that Western Societies are currently witnessing a crisis of masculinity. The status of masculinity is changing and this is partially due because the society is changing economically, socially and especially in relation to the position of women. These changes also affect the sphere of consumption and popular culture. I will examine at first how Freud places a great emphasis on the early relationship of the young boy. This relationship will have important consequences for development. According to Freud, this relationship is overshadowed by the oedipal conflict. Secondly I will go through Kleins theory about the relationship between the boy and the mother. Contrary to Freud, Melanie Klein emphasis the powerful maternal figure. After that I will explain how masculinity is shaped by social and cultural theories; how and why masculinity is changing. Masculine identity as it has been seen formerly within patriarchal cultures as evolved into a new male. The roots of a crisis in masculinity are analysed in social theories in terms of a conflict in gender roles. Cultural theories, which intersect with Lacans idea, are also important in how the crisis in masculinity has been studied. The rise of feminism has surely encouraged many men to question how they view women. Now that feminism has attacked the pat riarchal systems of power and control, masculinity has been left undermined and unsure. Finally I will give an overview on how masculinity is view between men. To evaluate how masculinity might be in crisis, it is first necessary to examine how psychoanalytical theories assume that boys gain their masculine identity; or in other words how they become men. Freuds ideas about masculinity developed in three steps. The first one is the idea of continuity between normal and neurotic mental life, the concepts of repression and the unconscious, and the method that allowed unconscious mental processes to be read through dreams, jokes, slips of the tongues and symptoms (Connell, 1995). Freud understood that adult sexuality and gender were not fixed by nature but were constructed through a long and conflict-ridden process. Freud places a great emphasis on the early relationships of the young boy with his parents or caregivers. It is the vicissitudes of these relationships that will have important consequences for development. In Freudian terms, this early relationship is overshadowed by the oedipal conflict. The Oedipus complex is characterized by th e desire for one parent and hatred for the other. For boys, the Oedipus complex is the rivalry with the father and terror of castration. Here Freud identified a formative moment in masculinity and pictured the dynamics of a formative relationship. Freud argued that homosexuality is not a simple gender switch and a large proportion of male inverts retain the mental quality of masculinity. The second step in Freuds analysis of masculinity is the development to gender. He goes further by saying that masculine and feminine currents coexist in everyone. In his final stage, Freud developed his account of the structure of personality, in particular the concept of the superego. The superego is formed in the aftermath of the Oedipus complex, by internalized prohibitions from the parents. Freud gradually came to see it as having a gendered character, being crucially a product of the childs relationship with the father, and more distinct in the case of boys and girls. This provided the germ of a theory of the patriarchal organization of culture, transmitted from one generation to the next through the construction of masculinity. The most important processes that occur in early life that influence the construction of the male identity is the oedipal complex. According to Greenson (1968), the idea of disidentification is divided into two processes: firstly a boy must sever the emotional ties he has with the primary caregiver, usually the mother, and secondly he needs to identify with a male role model, usually the father. The role of the father in the masculine identity is seen as crucial by psychoanalysts. Horrocks (1994) sees the role of fathering as an introduction to manhood. He also identify one of the most important functions of the father as to show the young boy that it is possible to live with the mother, to have conflict, fear and guilt. According to Horrocks, the modern damage male is seen as unfathered. The boys entry into his masculinity can only be achieved through his castration complex which sets in motion his separation from his mother and identification with his father. Freud (1925) explains the castration complex by a few stages. First, the young boy believes that everyone has a penis. Secondly, he discovers that women do not have penises and assumes that they have been mutilated. Thirdly, when he begins to masturbate, he is told that he will be castrated. Fourthly, when he finds that the breast has been removed, he believes that the penis will be next. The Oedipus complex is abolished by the fear of castration. In contrast to Freud, Melanie Klein argues that is envy of the mother rather than rivalry with the father that impedes psychic changes. The relationship between the boys and the mother has been left undeveloped by Freud. Disagreeing with Freud, about his account of oedipal feelings in relation to the father, she argues that the first signs appear in relation to the mother. In fact, according to Horrocks (1994) the young boy is surrounded by feminine presence throughout his early childhood, and it is important for him to break away and discover a world of men where he can gain his roots of male identity. The central paradox is that men want to escape from womanhood but there is also the desire to become close to a woman. For Klein, masculinity and femininity are biologically determined and reinforced during childhood in opposition to Freud who believes that bodies and minds are structured through patterns of cultural power. Klein assumes that the concept of the womb envy is an importa nt component in the male psyche. Minsky (1995) describes how the Kleinian point of view sees the development of male power as being rooted in the fear of the womb. Besides his envy of his mothers breasts, the young boy also becomes envious of her womb and the power it give to create life. According to Minsky (1995), the phallus saves men and provides a distraction from the womb envy. Kleins concept of womb-envy is important to understand male misogyny. Boys envious of their mother have to accept that they can never have breasts or a womb. Unconscious womb-envy helps to explain the opposition between nature (identified with women) and culture (identified with men). Men have to opt for culture because nature, in the sense of giving birth and feeding children from their own bodies, is simply unavailable to them (Minsky, 1996). Is the notion of a crisis in masculinity new, or it is just that each generation experiences it in different ways? The evidence has been suggesting the latter. As Mangan says Crisis isa condition of masculinity itself. Masculine gender identity is never stable; its terms are continually being re-defined and re-negotiated, the gender performance continually being re-staged. Certain themes and tropes inevitably re-appear with regularity, but each era experiences itself in different ways. (Mangan 1997:4). Cultural conceptions of masculinity and femininity vary between cultures and alter over historical time. Cultural theories, which intersect with Lacans ideas, are important in how the crisis in masculinity has been studied. According to Lacan, the phallus is the central signifier of the sexual difference. The principle of masculinity rests on the repression of feminine aspects and introduces conflict into the opposition of masculine and feminine. Faludi (2000) described the new male as objectified and subject of a sexist consumer culture. In addition, he believes that the mans secured attachments and relationships with the workplace are no longer powerful and exclusive as they were. Now that the rise of feminism has attacked the patriarchal systems of power and control, masculinity has been left undermined and unsure. Apparently, this rise has left men confused in the way they view women. Faludi strongly believes that this crisis in masculinity can be resolved if both women and men c an work together to combat it. There are a number of contributory factors to the so-called crisis in masculinity. I will be describing some of them. Maguire (1995) point out that mens crisis concerned their social role and identity. For her, these uncertainties manifest themselves in violence, increased levels of suicide and abusive behaviour towards them or others. Men are more likely to commit suicide than women. Suicide appears to be triggered by relationship problems, unemployment, drug and alcohol abuse, low self-esteem and mental illness. Many men remain bad at acknowledging and expressing feelings which left them trapped between the old-style macho and the new-man type behaviour requiring a man to be in touch with his feelings. Social research finds that men are choosing to remain living at home rather than move out on their own (Office of National Statistics, 2000). Whitehead (2002) found out that this evidence prove that men are failing to cope with the new challenges they are facing. Society is moving from a patriarchal culture, to give way to different masculinities. The rise of feminism, changing family patterns, social concerns about jobs contributed to these changes. The advent of post modernity has resulted in redundancy, constant job role changes and unemployment for men. According to Beynon (2001) men now suffer deep depression at the loss of the breadwinner role and the status that went with it. He claims that men are falling out of family life in greater numbers and may end up lonely. More men end up isolated socially and psychologically, finding it difficult to ask for help. At least 50% of marriage in UK result in divorce and as Beynon found out men is mostly responsible for marital breakdown. Nowadays, women have demonstrated that they can bring up children without men. Clare says that the rise in the number of single mothers suggests not merely that men are inadequate as partners and fathers, but they are simply redundant. Women are asserting that they can convince rear children on their own. They dont need men to father their childrenwomen can do without them in the workplace. Even more significantly, they can do without them in their beds. (Clare 2000:100). A significant number of fathers involved in divorce leave the family home and become non-resident. The visiting father is a shadowy, displaced figure trying to avoid becoming an ex-father, who stops but does not stay, who is no longer a man of the house, but a visitor who come and goes. (Clare 2000: 150-1). Women are seen to be living more successful and fulfilling lives, without relying on their partners. So, the loss of patriarchal authority and the equality in heterosexual relationship have left men disoriented. In other way, is the notion of a crisis in masculinity new, or it is just that each generation experiences it in different ways? The evidence has been suggesting the latter. As Mangan says Crisis isa condition of masculinity itself. Masculine gender identity is never stable; its terms are continually being re-defined and re-negotiated, the gender performance continually being re-staged. Certain themes and tropes inevitably re-appear with regularity, but each era experiences itself in different ways. (Mangan 1997:4).